Background: Acute and severe infections are an absolute indication for the use of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, previous studies have found inconsistent clinical advantages of prolonged (extended [≥ 3-hour infusion] or continuous [24-hour fixed rate infusion]) over intermittent (6, or 8, or 12 interval hours infusion) infusion. The clinical superiority between prolonged and intermittent infusion in treating acute and severe infections thus continues to be elusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize all published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective observational studies to determine whether prolonged infusion, compared to intermittent infusion, is correlated with lower mortality and better clinical outcome. Methods: We performed a literature search using MEDLINE (source PubMed, January 1, 1966 to August 31, 2018) and EMBASE (January 1, 1980 to August 31, 2018) with no restrictions to collect RCTs and observational studies comparing prolonged infusion with intermittent infusion of the same intravenous administered antibiotics among adult hospitalized patients. A total of 43 studies including 30 RCTs, 5 prospective observational studies and 8 retrospective observational studies were identified. Results: In comparison with intermittent infusion, prolonged infusion of antibiotics was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality (pooled relative risk [RR] = 0. 77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0. 66– 0. 89) and improvement in clinical cure (RR = 1. 11, 95% CI = 1. 04– 1. 19), which was also observed in subgroups such as non-RCTs (mortality, RR = 0. 63, 95% CI = 0. 48– 0. 81; clinical cure RR = 1. 33, 95% CI = 1. 13– 1. 57) or studies with patients and APACHE II scores  15 (mortality, RR = 0. 74, 95% CI 0. 63– 0. 89; clinical cure RR = 1. 19, 95% CI = 1. 07– 1. 32). Moreover, in RCTs, mortality (RR = 0. 86, 95% CI 0. 72– 1. 03) between the two dosing strategies was not remarkably changed but clinical cure (RR = 1. 07, 95% CI = 1. 01– 1. 13) showed a significant advantage for prolonged infusion. Additionally, no significant differences in mortality between the two dosing strategies was found (RR = 0. 87, 95% CI = 0. 70– 1. 09) but a distinct improvement in clinical cure was observed (RR = 1. 14, 95% CI = 1. 02– 1. 28) in the prolonged infusion group for septic patients. Among two infusion modes, statistically significant severe adverse events were not reported (RR=0. 83, 95% CI = 0. 62– 1. 13). Conclusion: Better outcomes in hospitalized patients, especially in those who were critical ill, were reported in prolonged infusion of intravenous antibiotics compared with Traditional intermittent infusion.

Background: According to some researches in recent years, Blastocystis is considered as the etiological agent of some gastrointestinal disorders. This parasite is polymorphic and its detection is not easy under the microscope. Because of this problem, several microscopic based studies have already reported different Blastocystis infection rates. Application of culture methods increases the chance of diagnosis of this parasite. The in vitro culture of Blastocystis in Liver infusion Tryptose (LIT) medium is described for the first time in this study.Materials and Methods: Liver infusion Tryptose (LIT) containing 10% fetal calf serum in screw-capped tubes was used. Samples incubated in 37°c and examined after 24, 48 and 72 hours.Results: 420 fresh stool samples were tested by LIT culture method and 100 positive samples (23.8%) of Blastocystis sp. were detected. while only 64 samples (15.2%) were positive with direct smear examination.Conclusion: This study highlights the same sensitivity of this culture media and other regular cultures media and it introduces a new medium for Blastocystis sp. detection.

In order to prevent 'Environmental degradation' and promote 'Sustainable development', various tools like 'Environmental Law', 'Environmental Audit. 'Environmental Science and Engineering'; 'Environmental Impact Assessment' and 'Environmental Awareness and Education' are being used widely now-a-days. 'Environmental Education' is a powerful tool which can enhance peoples awareness. This tool can be operated through the formal and non formal educational systems. Hungerford's infusion and diffusion models of curricular pattern define environmental education in two different ways. This paper discusses the need for a change in the curriculum and objectives of Environmental Education and current global and Iranian scenario of Environmental Education. It also compares the infusion and diffusion models and suggests that the content areas for inclusion in the formal programs of technician training curricula and activities be integrated in the functioning of the community polytechnics. The study concludes that the infusion model that integrates environmental components into technician curricula is more relevant because it produces environmentally literate Engineers and Technicians for promoting Sustainable Development.

Background: Culture media are often essential for diagnosis of metabolism and antigenic properties of leishmania promastigotes and laboratory studies. Fetal calf serum (FCS) has long been used as a supplement in leishmania culture media. There are many technical problems in FCS processing such as sterilization (especially viral contamination removal) and high cost. In this study growth stimulating effects of brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) on L. major promastigotes culture was assessed. The possibility of FCS replacement with BHIB as an appropriate supplement in single phase media and also as an enhancer for mass culture of L. major promastigotes in biphasic media was also evaluated.Methods: n this study, "RPMI 1640" and "agar and blood agar" were used as single-phase and biphasic medium, respectively. They were supplemented with different concentrations of BHIB for leishmania promastigotes culture. RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS was used as control medium. Biphasic medium containing normal saline was used to culture parasite promastigotes. The numbers of proliferated promastigotes were determined at definite time intervals and the average numbers of promastigotes in each media were compared with the control medium.Findings: The average number of L. major promastigotes in presence of BHIB 10% in RPMI 1640 was 22.7 × 106 /ml which was significantly higher compared to the controls (P=0.012). The average numbers of L. major promastigotes in the presence of BHIB 4% in agar and blood agar media were 275 × 106 /ml and 367 × 106 /ml, respectively. These numbers were also significantly higher compared to the control medium (P=0.025).Conclusion: These results indicated that different concentrations of BHIB have a promoting effect on the proliferation of L. major promastigotes. Therefore, BHIB may be an appropriate substitute for FCS in single-phase media and biphasic media for mass culture.

Background: Target-controlled intravenous infusion (TCI) is a new delivery system of anesthetic drugs. The rational of TCI is based on the obtaining and control of a desired target concevtration in plasma or effect-site (biophase). Shuttler avd Col first described the use of TCI system in 1983. The technique allows obtaining more precise titration of anesthetic drug, proceeding by successive stages of concentration of anesthetic drugs. TCI provides better adjustment between concentrations of the anesthtic drug and clinically required effects, that is a major interest in anesthesia practice, particularly for induction and the predict the recovery of patients. In this study we compared the efficacy of TCI and more Traditional manually controlled infusion (MCI) in tympanomastoidectomy surgeries in Kermanshah Imam Khomeini Hospital.Materials and Methods: 60 ASA I-II patients who were candidates for tympanomastoid surgeries enrolled in this clinical trial study after written inform consent. Exclusion criteria were any regular use or addiction to opium derivatives or sedatives, also any use of medication affecting the sympathic system excluded the case from entering to study. All of the cases were monitored by BIS and were unpremedicated. The data were analysed by independent t-test, leven and U Mann-Whitney. for analysis of qualitative variables X2 and exact fischer test were used. Meaningful level of all of the tests was 0.05%.Results: infusion rate of propofol and remifentanil were lower in TCI group patients. There wasn't any significant difference of wake up time between two groups but patients discharged faster from recovery to the ward in TCI group patients (Aldrete score). The patients in TCI group showed more hemodynamic stability during induction and maintenance anesthesia. Costs of drugs used in anesthesia were more in MCI group patients and finally post operative nausea and vomiting incidence was lower in TCI group patients.Conclusion: Efficacy of TCI with propofol and remifentanil is better than manually controlled infusion especially in the selection of patients and plasmatic drug target is good.

Background: With the increased number of abdominoplasty all over the world, and the need to manage postoperative pain, it is a must to fi nd proper and eff ective drugs to decrease opioid consumption in the postoperative period. Objectives: In this double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, we assumed that low-dose ketamine infusion will reduce the postoperative pain profi le than the conventional method of morphine. Methods: The scheduled patients for abdominoplasty under general anesthesia were recruited in two groups: group (K) with lowdose ketamine infusion intra-operatively (80 patients) and group (M) with morphine infusion intra-operatively (80 patients). Both groups were monitored intraoperatively and postoperatively for rescue doses of fentanyl, visual analogue scale (VAS), and side effects. Results: There were no statistical diff erences between both groups regarding the fentanyl rescue doses intra-and postoperative with no remarkable side eff ects. Conclusions: Low-dose ketamine has a useful analgesic eff ect in abdominoplasty similar to morphine without remarkable side eff ects, such as sedation or hallucinations.

infusions of different species of edible flowers have been used since ancient times as remedies for several disorders. Ocimum sanctum is a herb used in Ayurvedic treatment due to its bioactive composition and potential therapeutic properties. However edible flowers of this herb have been under-explored and there are no much studies which validate their health potential scientifically. Therefore the present study aims to investigate the bioactivities of O.sanctum flower infusions.The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the infusion was 68.41±0.91 µmol gallic equivalents per g and 8.32±1.44 µmol rutin equivalents per g respectively. Considering the antioxidant activity, the infusion was able to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, inhibit lipid peroxidation and expressed reducing power. The infusion also expressed good anti-diabetic property by inhibiting α-amylase, α-glucosidase and amyloglucosidase activities with IC50 values 2.05±0.21, 97.21±1.21 and 2.84±0.72 µg/mL respectively. The ability of the infusion to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase enzyme indicates the potential of the infusion to be used as anti-hypertensive agent and anti-Alzheimer’s agent respectively.O.sanctum infusion is a good source of phenolic compounds which could exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and anti-Alzheimer’s activity. Therefore, it can be used as functional ingredient with wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry.